Microbiological Evaluation of Fresh Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Obtained from Selected Markets and Ponds in Minna Metropolis

This research aimed at evaluating the microbiological quality of fresh catfish (Clarias gariepinus) sold in three different markets and ponds in Minna metropolis. The total plate counts from Bosso pond are 2.7 × 102 cfu/mL and 3.8 × 102 cfu/mL (satisfactory) for skin and gills respectively. Kure pond includes total plate counts of 4.7 × 103 cfu/mL and 3.3 × 102 cfu/mL (satisfactory) for skin and gills respectively while Mobil pond had total plate counts of 2.5 × 103 cfu/mL and 2.5 × 102 cfu/mL on skin and gills respectively. The total coliforms counts from Bosso pond are 3.8 × 102 cfu/mL and 3.0 × 101 cfu/mL (satisfactory) for skin and gills respectively. Kure pond includes total coliforms counts of 2.4 × 102 cfu/mL and 2.6 × 102 cfu/mL (satisfactory) for skin and gills respectively while Mobil pond had total coliforms counts of 4.6 × 103 cfu/mL and 3.2 × 104 cfu/mL on skin and gills respectively. The coliforms count of fresh catfish (Clarias gariepinus) obtained from three markets locations are total coliforms counts from Bosso market are 5.6 × 104 cfu/mL and 4.0 × 105 cfu/mL (Unsatisfactory) for skin and gills respectively. Kure market includes total coliforms counts of 1.6 × 103 cfu/mL and 7.2 × 103 cfu/mL (satisfactory) for skin and gills respectively while Mobil market had total coliforms counts of 6.0 × 104 cfu/mL and 4.8 × 104 cfu/mL (Marginal) on skin and gills respectively. The fungal count of fresh catfish (Clarias gariepinus) obtained from three markets locations are Bosso market 1.3 × 102 cfu/mL and 1.5 × 101 cfu/mL (satisfactory) for skin and gills respectively. Kure market 2.0 × 103 cfu/mL and 1.0 × 102 cfu/mL (satisfactory) for skin and gills respectively while Mobil market had total fungal counts of 1.7 × 104 cfu/mL and 1.7 × 102 cfu/mL on skin and gills respectively. The following bacteria were isolated Escherichia coli, Bacillus substilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas species, Streptococcus species, Shigella species and Enterobacter species. The fungi isolated were Rhizopus spp and Aspergillus niger.

DIVERSITY OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PLANT PRODUCTS IN THE WEEKLY MARKETS OF MAIBONG SUB-DIVISION, DIMA-HASAO DISTRICT, ASSAM.

Weekly markets of Manderdisha, Hatikhali, Lungting, Maibong have been surveyed at different seasons for one year. The Non-Timber Forest Plant Products were documented through interview with vendors and buyers, personal observation and these are documented with scientific names/families, local(Dimasa) names, plant parts used , purpose of use and selling price. Forty (40) plant species belonging to nineteen(19) different families and thirty nine (39) genera were collected and documented. Among these fifteen (15) were recorded as medicines,twenty (20) as food and five (5) for other utility. 95% of the vendors are ladies suggesting their valuable contribution to family for sustenance and they are good informants also. Conservation practices are not scientific and suggestions have been included in this paper.

Sentidos de (des)regulação do mercado de trabalho no setor da saúde em Portugal / Directions of health labor market (de)regulation in Portugal

Resumo Reconhece-se a escassez de investigação sobre o mercado de trabalho do setor da saúde. Com a ampliação dos fenómenos de precarização objetiva e subjetiva, decorrente da agenda neoliberal de mercadorização do valor do trabalho e das reformas gestionárias da saúde, a "atipicidade" dos vínculos laborais e a "insegurança" de vida dos profissionais de saúde têm introduzido lógicas de segmentação e polarização do mercado de trabalho. Este deixa de ser palco apenas de mercados protegidos, passando a incluir mercados desregulados e "híbridos". Neste artigo pretende-se explorar os sentidos, com implicações desiguais, da (des)regulação do mercado de trabalho no setor da saúde em Portugal. Parte-se de fontes secundárias e de investigação qualitativa suportada em 32 entrevistas semiestruturadas feitas com profissionais de saúde, que atestam o fenômeno da crescente individualização e subcontratação laboral. Propõe-se um modelo conceitual que capte os sentidos de (des)regulação, num continuum de regulação social e mobilidade profissional, traduzindo mercados protegidos (profissionais e internos) e mercados híbridos (terciarizados e secundários) a serem testados por confronto empírico e investigação futura.

Abstract The need for further research on the labor market in the health sector is acknowledged. With the expansion of the phenomena of objective and subjective precariousness, resulting from the neoliberal agenda of commodification of the value of work and the managerial reforms in health, the "atypicality" of labor ties and the "insecurity" of health professionals' lives have introduced segmentation and polarization logics into the labor market. The latter is no longer the stage for protected markets, but includes deregulated and "hybrid" markets. This article aims to explore the directions, with unequal implications, of the (de)regulation of the labor market in the health sector in Portugal. We begin from secondary and qualitative research supported by 32 semi-structured interviews with health professionals, which attest to the phenomenon of increasing individualization and labor subcontracting. A conceptual model is proposed that captures the meanings of (de)regulation, in a continuum of social regulation and professional mobility, translating protected markets (professional and internal) and hybrid markets (outsourced and secondary) to be tested by empirical confrontation and future research.

Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in three geo-political zones of Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

Introduction: sequel to the emergence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its subsequent spread to all continents of the world, humans have continued to experience severe devastation to their health and economies. To control the spread of this virus, it is important to detect the infection in recently infected and asymptomatic individuals who are capable of infecting others. This study was designed to detect ongoing SARS-CoV-2 Infection among asymptomatic individuals in open markets across three geopolitical zones in Nigeria. Methods: nasal and oropharyngeal swab samples were collected from 2,158 study participants between December 20th, 2020 and March 20th, 2021 from large open markets across three geo-political zones (Southwest, Northwest and Southeast) of Nigeria. Virus RNA was extracted from these swab samples and real time RT-PCR was carried out for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific genes. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: a total of 163 (7.6%) of the 2,158 participants enrolled for the study tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. The rate of infection was significantly higher in the North-western states of the country when compared to the western and Eastern regions (P=0.000). Similarly, the rate of infection was higher among buyers than sellers (P=0.000) and among males when compared with females, though the difference was not significant (p=0.31). Conclusion: this study shows that there is a continuous spread of SARS-CoV-2, especially among active, asymptomatic individuals across many states in the country. There is therefore need to continuously educate citizens on the need to adhere to both the non-pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical preventive measures to protect themselves and ultimately curb the spread of the virus.

Satisfação e perfil socioeconômico e demográfico dos consumidores das feiras livres de Juiz de Fora-MG / Satisfaction level and socioeconomic and demographic profile of the consumers of the street markets of Juiz de Fora-MG

Resumo Introdução As feiras livres existem há muito tempo no Brasil e apresentam grande importância no abastecimento direto de consumidores, na geração de renda para a população rural e no fomento ao comércio urbano. Objetivo Descrever o perfil socioeconômico e demográfico e avaliar a satisfação dos consumidores das feiras livres de Juiz de Fora-MG. Método Estudo transversal, descritivo, quantitativo e qualitativo. Foram realizadas 385 entrevistas utilizando questionário semiestruturado em 15 feiras. Resultados A maioria dos consumidores é do gênero feminino (65%, n = 252), com idade média de 46 anos (± 22 anos), 50% (n = 192) são casados, 43,4% (n = 167) apresentam o ensino médio e mais da metade não trabalha ou é aposentada (51,9%, n = 199) e 41,4% (n = 159) possuem renda familiar de 1 a 3 salários mínimos. O gasto na feira está associado com estado civil e número de moradores por casa. Dos consumidores, 98,1% (n = 371) estão satisfeitos com a feira que frequentam. Os motivos de satisfação citados: 20% (n = 71) praticidade e localidade; 19% (n = 66) preço e variedade; 12% (n = 60) interação e qualidade e 1% (n = 4) atendimento. A escolaridade do frequentador e a satisfação quanto à higiene pessoal e das barracas/boxes estão associadas. Conclusão O desafio é conquistar o reconhecimento de um público maior, com produtos diversificados e com qualidade. O estabelecimento de novas estratégias pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento das feiras, promover saúde e garantir a segurança alimentar e nutricional.

Abstract Background Street markets have been around for a long time in Brazil and are of great importance in the direct supply of consumers, in the generation of income for the rural population and in the promotion of urban commerce. Objective To describe the socioeconomic and demographic profile, and to evaluate the satisfaction of consumers at the street markets in Juiz de Fora-MG. Method A cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative, and qualitative study was carried out. The interviews were carried out through a semi-structured questionnaire with 385 consumers at 15 street markets. Results Most consumers are female (65%, n = 252), with a mean age of 46 years (± 22 years), 50% (n = 192) are married, 43.4% (n = 167) have the high school and more than half do not work or are retired (51.9%, n = 199) and 41.4% (n = 159) have a family income of 1 to 3 minimum wages. Spending at the fair is associated with marital status and number of residents per house. 98.1% (n = 371) of consumers are satisfied with the street market where they attend. The reasons for satisfaction cited: 20% (n = 71) convenience and location; 19% (n = 66) price and variety; 12% (n = 60) interaction and quality and 1% (n = 4) service .The schooling of the frequenter and the satisfaction with personal hygiene and the tents are associated. Conclusion The challenge is to gain recognition from a larger audience, with diversified and quality products. The establishment of new strategies can contribute to the development of street markets, promote health, and ensure food and nutritional security.

Los límites propios de los mercados en la provisión de los bienes y servicios / The limits of markets in the provision of goods and services

RESUMEN Se examinan cuatro aproximaciones sobre los procesos y limitaciones de los mercados, y los de no mercado: Smith, Arrow, Becker y Roth. Smith centra la atención en el sentimiento moral de la simpatía, Arrow pone el énfasis en las asimetrías lógicas que se presentan entre la elección individual y la colectiva, Becker busca ampliar el sistema de precios a través de los incentivos y Roth destaca la relevancia de la sicología y de la conducta humana.

ABSTRACT Four approaches to the processes and limitations of markings, and those of non-market, are examined: Smith, Arrow, Becker and Roth. Smith focuses on the moral feeling of sympathy, Arrow emphasizes the logical asymmetries that arise between individual and collective choice, Becker seeks to expand the price system through incentives, and Roth highlights the relevance of psychology and human behavior.

Reasons and enlightenment of the formation of high drug prices in the United States / 中华医院管理杂志

Optimizing the drug price management mechanism and improving the availability and affordability of drugs are important in deepening the medical and health reform. The price of drugs in the United States has always been higher than the world average. The price of drugs, the total expenditure on drugs and the personal burden of patients have shown an increasing trend. By exploring the causes of high drug prices in the United States, the author found that there were four main reasons for the current situation of drug prices in the United States, including the interests of enterprises, the limited competition mechanism of the US drug market, relatively insufficient market bargaining power of the US payers, and opaque mechanism of price formation.Firstly, pharmaceutical companies try to achieve their interests by raising drug prices. Secondly, the price formation mechanism of the United States drug market is affected by the price strategy of pharmaceutical companies, and government policies also indirectly affect the role of the market. Thirdly, the payers in the United States are relatively scattered, so that the market bargaining power is relatively insufficient.Fourthly, due to the numerous drug circulation links and stakeholders, the drug price formation mechanism is opaque and lacks supervision. Therefore, when strengthening drug price management in China, we should build a coordination mechanism between the government and the market on the basis of the existing basic economic system and drug management mechanism, establish the strategic purchase and negotiation position of medical insurance for drugs, enhance the transparency of drug circulation and trading, and establish a scientific pricing system. It is also important to promote drug innovation and ensure drug quality.

Las infancias y el currículo del capital: el caso Divercity / Children and capitalist curriculum: the case of Divercity / Crianças e o currículo do capital: o caso Divercity

Resumen (analítico) En Colombia, un modelo de negocio educativo centra su interés en la infancia como nicho de clientes, asegurándose rentabilidad por dos vías: desde el ofrecimiento de servicios de entretenimiento infantil y procesos de formación, y desde la fidelización de marcas comerciales a través de juegos de rol, los cuales pretenden educarles para el «mundo real¼. El artículo presenta reflexiones teórico-críticas sobre Divercity bajo la estrategia de análisis documental, develando sus intencionalidades y prácticas formativas, así como identificando componentes curriculares que le constituyen desde el punto de vista ideológico-económico. Los resultados apuntan a un creciente ejercicio de consumo instructivo de los infantes en los centros comerciales. Se concluye que existe una consolidación de procesos iniciales de mímesis del consumo adulto y una fidelización de las grandes marcas presentadas por Divercity.

Abstract (analytical) In Colombia, an educational business model focuses its interest on children as a niche for clients, ensuring profitability in two ways: offering services that include children's entertainment and educational processes, and, through loyalty to commercial brands, role-playing games that aim to educate them for the «real world¼. This paper presents theoretical-critical reflections on Divercity using a document analysis strategy, highlighting its intentions and formative practices, identifying curricular components and configuring these using an ideological-economic point of view. The results demonstrate the growing activity of instructive consumption for children in shopping malls. The authors conclude that Divercity consolidates the initial mimesis processes of adult consumption and promotes loyalty to the featured brands.

Resumo (analítico) Na Colômbia, um modelo de negócios educacional concentra seu interesse na infância como um nicho de clientes, garantindo a rentabilidade de duas maneiras: da oferta de serviços para entretenimento infantil e processos de treinamento e, da lealdade de marcas, através de role-playing games que pretendem educá-los para o «mundo real¼. O artigo apresenta reflexões teórico-críticas sobre a Divercity, através da estratégia de análise documental, revelando suas intenções e práticas formativas, identificando componentes curriculares que a constituem desde o ponto de vista ideológico-econômico. Os resultados apontam para um crescente exercício de consumo instrucional de crianças em shopping centers. Direcionando as conclusões, para a consolidação dos processos iniciais de mimese do consumo adulto e a lealdade das grandes marcas apresentadas pela Divercity.

Study on Platform Service Pricing in B 2C Drug Trading Market / 中国药房

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for the efficient operation of online drug retailing by studying the service pricing and influencing factors of different B2C drug trading platforms. METHODS：Based on the theory of two-sided markets and combined with the characteristics of internet transaction service，the pricing models of B2C drug trading platform from the perspective of joint mode and joint & self mode were built. The influence of allocation proportion，search matching degree and the proportion of consumers who buy drugs from the platform of self mode were discussed. Finally，AHP method was adopted for empirical verification. RESULTS：The service pricing models of two B2C drug trading platforms，i.e. joint model and joint & self model，had been successfully constructed. It had been determined that the proportion of sharing and the degree of search matching had adverse and positive effects on the platform service pricing（suppliers），respectively. In the joint & self mode drug trading platform，when the proportion of consumers who chose self mode platform was too high，the platform would reduce the supplier’s registration fee；when the proportion of consumers who chose the self mode platform was too low，the platform would increase the registration fee of suppliers. In the empirical verification，AHP method was used to determine the proportion of self-employed consumers as 0.648. Under this condition，the pricing models of the two operation modes were compared，which was consistent with the above results. At the same time，the service pricing of joint & self model is always lower than that of joint mode. CONCLUSIONS：No matter the platform of joint mode or joint & self mode，different proportion of registration fee and advertising revenue can be set to implement differential pricing. The platforms also can degenerate from homogeneity competition， increase user viscosity and improve platform search matching by providing more professional services. For the platform of joint & self mode，it is necessary to control the ratio of self and joint part，and realize the healthy and effective operation of the platform.

Transformaciones necesarias y cómo construirlas para contribuir a elevar el nivel de desarrollo humano en la región desde la gerencia de sistemas de salud

La OMS define la calidad como "el grado en el que los servicios de salud prestados a personas y poblaciones aumentan la probabilidad de lograr los resultados sanitarios deseados y son coherentes con los conocimientos profesionales del momento" 1. Así, se entiende la calidad desde las normas ISO 9000 como el grado en el que un conjunto de características inherentes cumple con la necesidad o expectativa establecida, generalmente implícita y obligatoria 2,3. El concepto de calidad en la atención médica más utilizado es el que definió Avedis Donabedian: "el tipo de atención que maximiza el bienestar del paciente, después de tener en cuenta el balance de pérdidas y ganancias esperadas, contemplando el proceso de atención en todas sus partes" 4. Se pretende, entonces, relacionar de manera reflexiva, cuáles han sido los avances de la normativa colombiana a lo largo de los últimos 25 años, para incentivar las trasformaciones necesarias y cómo debemos, en conjunto, el colectivo de trabajadores del área de la salud, construir para contribuir a elevar el nivel de desarrollo humano en la región desde la gerencia de sistemas de salud. El texto quiere invitar al lector a hacer una aproximación de manera general al SOCG (Sistema Obligatorio de Garantía de la Calidad) desde la gerencia de sistemas de salud y evidenciar cómo ha sido su evolución a lo largo de los últimos 25 años, así como plantear estrategias administrativas y gerenciales de marketing, las cuales se evidencian como fallos del mercado con desarrollos inapropiados y cómo el gobierno colombiano, a través de la Resolución 429 de 2016 5, plantea hasta ahora un paradigma con necesidades prontas de implementación.

The World Health Organization defines quality as "the extent to which heal- th care services provided to individuals and patient populations improve desired health outcomes" 1. That way, it is seen through the ISO 9000 regulations as the rate in which a set of attached characteristics meets an es- tablished need or expectation, one that would be implicit and mandatory 2,3. The most used concept of quality in medical attention is the one defined by Avedis Donabedian: "it's the kind of attention that maximizes patients' well-being, once the balance of gains and losses is taken into account, so the process can be observed from all possible dimensions" 4. Thus, our objec- tive is to describe and reflect about the progress of Colombian legislation during the last 25 years, in order to boost the necessary transformations and the way we must, as a whole team of workers of the health area, contribute to elevate the level of human development in the region from health area systems. The text invites the reader to approach from the management of health systems the Mandatory Quality Assurance System. That way, it is possible to prove its evolutive process along the last 25 years and plan marketing strategies and show how the Colombian government, through the Resolution 429 of 2016 5 poses a new paradigm with urgent needs of implementation, given that previous strategies are presented as failures in the market, with inappropriate developments.

A Organização Mundial da Saúde define a qualidade como "o grau no qual os serviços de saúde prestados a pessoas e populações aumentam a probabilidade de atingir os resultados sanitários desejados e são coerentes com os conhecimentos profissionais do momento" 1. Assim, entende-se a qualidade sob as normas ISO 9000 como o grau em que um conjunto de características inerentes cumpre com a necessidade ou expectativa estabelecida, geralmente implícita e obrigatória 2,3. O conceito de qualidade no atendimento médico mais utilizado é o que definiu Avedis Donabedian: "o tipo de atendimento que maximiza o bem-estar do paciente, depois de considerar o balanço de perdas e ganhos esperados, contemplando o processo de atencão em todas as suas partes" 4. Portanto, pretende-se relacionar, de maneira reflexiva, quais têm sido os avanços da normativa colombiana ao longo dos últimos 25 anos, para incentivar as transformações necessárias e como, em conjunto, o coletivo de trabalhadores da área da saúde deve construí-las para contribuir a aumentar o nível de desenvolvimento humano na região a partir da gerência de sistemas de saúde. Este texto pretende convidar o leitor a se aproximar, de maneira geral, do Sistema Obrigatório de Garantia da Qualidade a partir da gerência de sistemas de saúde e evidenciar como foi sua evolução nos últimos 25 anos, bem como propor estratégias administrativas e gerenciais de marketing, as quais são identificadas como falhas do mercado com desenvolvimento inapropriado, e como o governo colombiano, por meio da Resolução 429 de 2016 5, apresenta, até o momento, um paradigma com necessidades urgentes de implantação.

A tecnologia nos torna melhores ou apenas adia nosso dilema moral? O caso dos xenotransplantes / Does technology make us better or only postpone our moral dilemma? The case of xenotransplantation

Objetivo: A obtenção do número adequado de órgãos cadavéricos para transplantes é um item de política pública importante. Modelos econômicos tradicionais supõem que a solução pode ser obtida por incentivos financeiros. Críticos dessa abordagem insistem que o mercado não resolve o problema, mas a intervenção estatal sim. Métodos: Este artigo apresenta o modelo do homo economicus maturus de Frey (1997), cujo principal mérito é mostrar que ambas as críticas estão incorretamente colocadas, pois indivíduos respondem não apenas a incentivos monetários de forma positiva, como demonstram os modelos tradicionais, mas também podem apresentar reações psicológicas adversas. Esse modelo é aplicado ao dilema da doação de órgãos com a inclusão do fator tecnológico, por meio da substituição de órgãos humanos por órgãos não humanos (xenotransplantes). Resultados: O principal resultado do artigo é mostrar como um avanço tecnológico pode melhorar o bem-estar sem alterar o dilema moral dos indivíduos. Conclusões: A extensão do modelo econômico tradicional permite uma análise com novas possibilidades acerca de mudanças tecnológicas e dos dilemas morais que elas podem trazer.

Objective: Obtaining the adequate number of cadaveric organs for transplantation is an important public policy item. Traditional economic models assume that solution can be obtained by financial incentives. Critics of this approach insist that the market does not solve the problem, but state intervention does. Methods: This article presents Frey's (1997) homo economicus maturus model, whose main merit is to show that both critics are incorrectly because individuals respond not only to monetary incentives in a positive way, as traditional models demonstrate, but they can also present adverse psychological reactions. This model is applied to the dilemma of organ donation with the inclusion of the technological factor, through the replacement of human organs by non-human organs (xenotransplantation). Results: The main result of the article is to show how a technological advance can improve well-being without changing the moral dilemma of individuals. Conclusions: The extension of the traditional economic model allows an analysis with new possibilities about technological changes and the moral dilemmas that they can bring.

Oportunidades laborais, educacionais e homicídios no Brasil

As oportunidades no mercado de trabalho, bem como a formação de capital humano (educação), afetam os custos implícitos de se dedicar às atividades ilegais. No presente texto, investigamos empiricamente o efeito que a taxa de desemprego, os rendimentos reais no mercado de trabalho e o acesso educacional para os jovens (15 a 24 anos) exercem sobre a prevalência de homicídios nos municípios brasileiros. Analisamos ainda as heterogeneidades que dizem respeito à especialização do trabalho e ao ciclo de vida na juventude. A fim de contornar os problemas de endogeneidade, em nossa estratégia de identificação utilizamos um modelo de dados em painel para todos os municípios brasileiros (no período entre 1980 e 2010), com o uso de variáveis instrumentais, seguindo de perto a abordagem desenvolvida por Gould, Weinberg e Mustard (2002). Os instrumentos relacionam-se a mudanças estruturais de longo prazo na indústria que afetam a demanda por trabalho nas cidades. Encontramos os seguintes resultados: i) efeito positivo da taxa de desemprego dos homens sobre a taxa de homicídios, sendo esse efeito maior para jovens adultos (25 a 29 anos); ii) efeito estatisticamente nulo da renda do trabalho por hora trabalhada sobre a taxa de homicídios; e iii) efeito negativo da taxa de atendimento escolar de 15 a 17 anos sobre a taxa de homicídios.

The opportunities in the labor market and formation of human capital (education) affect the implicit costs of engaging in illegal activities. In this article we empirically investigate the effect that the unemployment rate, which real income in the labor market and which school atandence rate for young people (15 to 24 years) exert on the prevalence of homicides in Brazilian municipalities. We also analyze the heterogeneities related to the specialization of work and the life cycle in youth. In order to overcome the problems of endogeneity, in our identification strategy we used a instrumental variable estimation of panel data model for all Brazilian municipalities (between 1980 and 2010), closely following the approach developed by Gould et al. (2002). The instruments its relationship to long-term structural changes in industry that affect the demand for labor in cities. We found the following results over homicide rate: i) positive effect of men’s unemployment rate, which is greater for young adults (25-29 years); ii) no effect of real hourly labor wage ; and iii) the negative effect of the school attendance rate of 15 to 17 years.

A estrutura de ocupações nos mercados de trabalho das cidades médias no Rio Grande do Sul: uma análise da dinâmica recente / The structure of occupations in the labor markets of mediumsized cities in Rio Grande do Sul: an analysis of recent dynamics

O artigo apresenta dados de uma pesquisa realizada com o objetivo de analisar como a dinâmica de desenvolvimento do capitalismo no Brasil, em especial a partir da década de 2010, repercutiu nos mercados de trabalho de cidades médias do Rio Grande do Sul. Tomando como referência as mudanças ocorridas na estrutura de ocupações das cidades médias do Rio Grande do Sul no período entre 2010 e 2017, propõe-se que, apesar das singularidades dos mercados de trabalho das cidades médias gaúchas, algumas tendências gerais estão presentes no período analisado, indicando um processo de aprofundamento da insegurança dos trabalhadores nesses mercados de trabalho. Insegurança essa objetivada, por exemplo, nos altos índices de rotatividade nos empregos, no baixo poder aquisitivo dos salários, na criação de empregos vinculados ao setor de serviços básicos e que não estão associados a exigências de maior qualificação profissional.(AU)

The article presents data from a research conducted with the objective of analyzing how the dynamics of capitalism development in Brazil, especially from the 2010s, had repercussions on the labor markets of medium cities of Rio Grande do Sul. changes occurring in the occupation structure of medium-sized cities of Rio Grande do Sul between 2010 and 2017, it is proposed that, despite the singularities of the labor markets of medium-sized cities in Rio Grande do Sul, some general trends are present in the analyzed period, indicating a process deepening workers' insecurity in these labor markets. Insecurity of this objective, for example, by the high rates of job turnover, the low purchasing power of wages, the creation of jobs linked to the basic services sector and which are not associated with higher professional qualification requirements.(AU)

Construcción de un sistema participativo de garantía con y para la Arac (Asociación Red Agroecológica Campesina) en el municipio de Subachoque, Cundinamarca, en 2015 / Construction of a participatory guarantee system with and for the peasant agroecological network association (Arac for its acronym in spanish) in the municipality of Subachoque, Cundinamarca, in 2015

Introducción. Una de las principales necesidades manifiestas de la ARAC en 2014, era el mejoramiento y ampliación de sus canales de comercialización, así como la falta de confianza y verificación de sus procesos productivos para ser coherentes con su misión en producción agroecológica. Objetivo. En este contexto, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo la creación de un Sistema Participativo de Garantía (SPG) con y para la organización ARAC. Metodología. Se desarrolló una Investigación Acción Participativa (IAP) durante el año 2015. El proceso incluyó a todos los productores, aunque no contó con los consumidores por la dificultad de coordinar sus tiempos. Las cuatro fases de la investigación incluyeron: diagnóstico, estructuración del SPG de la ARAC, visitas de certificación y Escuelas Agroecológicas de Campo (EAC). Resultados. Como resultados se creó el SPG-ARAC con un comité vinculado a la estructura orgánica de la asociación y un reglamento que reúne normas y procedimientos a seguir en la implementación de los procesos productivos, así como mecanismos de control y verificación inspirados en los principios agroecológicos de la ARAC y en la Resolución 187 de 2006 del Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural (MADR). Se realizaron visitas de certificación a 22 sistemas de producción agropecuaria o de procesamiento y cuatro EAC. Conclusión. La implementación del SPG-ARAC demuestra que fue posible desarrollar un SPG con y para la ARAC, y que la organización se encuentra cerca de completar la transición agroecológica en los subsistemas de producción agrícola, mientras en los sistemas de producción pecuaria y de transformación se encuentran varias dificultades. Las principales limitantes identificadas gracias al SPG, para lograr la transición agroecológica de la organización son: la consecución de semillas y pie de cría ecológicos, el abastecimiento continuo de agua, la producción de pastos y forrajes ecológicos para la alimentación animal, y el uso de medicina alopática.

Introduction: One of the main obvious needs of the ARAC in 2014 was the improvement and expansion of its commercialization channels, as well as the lack of trust and verification of its productive processes, to be consistent with its mission in agroecological production. Objective: In this context, this research aimed to create a Participatory Guarantee System (SPG by its acronym in Spanish) with and for the ARAC organization. Methodology: A Participatory Action Research strategy (IAP for its acronym in Spanish) was applied during 2015. The process included all producers, although there were no consumers due to the difficulty for coordinating their times. The four phases of the research included: diagnosis, structuring of the SPG-ARAC, certification visits, and Agroecological Field Schools (EAC for its acronym in Spanish). Results: As a result, the SPG-ARAC was created with a committee linked to the organizational structure of the association, and a regulation that gathers standards and procedures to follow in the implementation of production processes, as well as control and verification mechanisms inspired by the agroecological principles of ARAC and stated in Resolution 187 of 2006 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MADR for its acronym in Spanish). Certification visits were made to 22 agricultural or processing production systems and to 4 EAC. Conclusions: The implementation of the SPG-ARAC demonstrates that it was possible to develop an SPG with and for the ARAC, and that the organization is close to completing the agroecological transition in the agricultural production subsystems, while in the livestock production and transformation systems there are several difficulties. The main limitations identified thanks to the SPG to achieve the agroecological transition of the organization are: the achievement of organic seeds and breeding stock, the continuous supply of water, the production of pastures and organic forages for animal feed, and the use of allopathic medicine.

Systematic study of the quality and safety of chilled pork from wet markets, supermarkets, and online markets in China / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Background: With increasing media coverage of food safety incidents, such as that of clenbuterol residues in pork, food safety has become a major public health concern in China. Rapidly developing online markets attract increasing numbers of Chinese consumers to purchase food on the Internet. However, the quality and safety of food sold online are uncertain and are less reported on. Objective: This research aimed to systematically study the quality and safety of chilled pork from wet markets, supermarkets, and online markets in China. Results: The chilled pork samples from online markets were fresher than those from wet markets and supermarkets based on the surface redness (a* value). Chilled pork contained high levels of nutritional elements, especially the magnesium and phosphorus levels in samples from online markets. The levels of heavy metal element residues and veterinary drug residues in all chilled pork samples were within the standards limits. In addition, huge differences existed in the quality and freshness of the chilled pork samples from online markets according to principal component analysis (PCA). Conclusions: Most chilled pork sold in Chinese markets was qualified and safe. It is necessary to establish an effective online market supervision system for chilled pork.

Effects of short-term closing live poultry markets in controlling the H7N9 avian influenza pollution / 中国人兽共患病学报

Short-term closing live poultry markets have been frequently adopted to control H7N9 epidemic.To evaluate the effect of short-term closing live poultry markets,we analyzed the data of environment surveillance of H7 by RT-PCR,and the human H7N9 cases in Zhongshan City from Feb 2014 to May 2017.RRx =The positive rate during the x-th week after closing / the positive rate of the week before closing days * 100％.Three rounds of short-term closing live poultry markets were administered.Round one:from Feb 10 to 23,2014,the neighboring cities didn't synchronize.The H7 positive rate increased since the trade recovered,and RR1 =0.40 (95％CI:0.28-0.59),RR3 =0.63 (95％CI:0.32-1.24),RR4 =0.83 (95％CI:0.48 -1.46).Two human cases were reported in May,2014.Round two:from Feb 19 to 28,2015,the neighboring cities synchronized as the province policy.The H7 positive rate maintained a level lower than 10％ since the trade recovered,and RR1 =0.15 (95％CI:0.07-0.34),RR2=0.21 (95％CI:0.10-0.41),RR3 =0.03 (95％CI:0.00-0.18),RR4 =0.10 (95％CI:0.04-0.27).No more human cases reported in that epidemic season.Round three:from Jan 8 to 21,2017,the neighboring cities didn't synchronize with Zhongshan City.The H7 positive rate had increased since the trade recovered,and RR1 =0.25 (95 ％ CI:0.09-0.68),RR3 =0.37 (95％CI:0.14-1.00),RR4 =1.07 (95％CI:0.54-2.11).Two human cases were reported in Feb,2017.Results indicated that,if the policy of closing live poultry markets was administered in single city,the environment pollution rate would rise shortly and the risk of human infection would increase once the trade recovered.However,if it was synchronously administered in all the cities in one region,the environment pollution rate could maintain at a low level and the risk of human infection would reduce enormously.

Ventos do sul movem moinhos: a experiência brasileira no combate à fome na última década / South winds move mills: the brazilian experience in combating hunger in the last decade

Um dos grandes logros da política brasileira de segurança alimentar e nutricional foi justamente o de fazer com que este país deixasse de fazer parte do mapa mundial da fome e da insegurança alimentar. Os avanços colhidos na última década foram importantes, sobretudo a partir do momento em que esse tema se converteu em um problema público. Este artigo discute os principais instrumentos utilizados pelo Estado Brasileiro com ênfase na questão dos mercados institucionais, assim como os desafios que se apresentam na atualidade.

One of the great achievements of the Brazilian policy on food and nutrition security in the past decade was precisely to make this country ceased to be part of the world map of hunger and food insecurity. Advances harvested last decade were important, especially from the time when this issue became a public issue. This article discusses the main instruments used by the Brazilian State with emphasis on the issue of institutional markets, as well as the major problems and challenges facing today.

Molecular epidemiological characteristics of avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses from environment in poultry markets in Changsha, China, 2014 / 中国人兽共患病学报

We analyzed the evolutional and molecular characteristics of Hemagglutinin(HA),Neuraminidase(NA) and nonstructural(NS) genes of avian influenza A(H9n2) viruses from environment in poultry markets in Changsha,China,2014,providing laboratory data for prevention and control of human infection with avian influenza A(H9N2) virus.Five hundred and one specimens (263 poultry drinking water specimens,226 poultry sewage specimens and 17 others specimens) were collected from environment in poultry markets in Changsha,2014,and real-time RTPCR was used for influenza A typing and subtyping (H5,H7 and H9) detection.HA and NA universal primer sets for conventional RT-PCR and sequencing were used for the positivity of single H9.The sequence homology of HA,NA and NS genes of the viruses were analyzed with the online Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST).The ClustalW multiple alignments of amino acids and the phylogenetic trees for HA,NA and NS genes were constructed using the BioEdit and MEGA 5 software,respectively.Results showed that among 501 environmental samples,350 samples were positive for influenza A virus,191 (38.12％) for H9 subtype,177 (35.33％) for H5 subtype,11 (2.20％) for H7 subtype and 68 (13.57％) for H5 and H9 subtypes co-detection.Twenty-three H9N2 subtype AIV were confirmed by conventional RT-PCR and sequencing from the samples of the positivity of single H9.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of HA,NA and NS genes of the H9N2 subtype AIV isolated in Changsha City had gene constellations of genotype S,and these virues might have acquired their HA,NA and NS from A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/1998-like (H9N2).L235 (correspond to H3 numbering 226) of the HA protein of the receptor binding site (RBS) were found in these H9N2 viruses,and the characteristics was shown to be associated with increased affinity of HA to the glycan-receptors of human influenza virus,and the low pathogenicity molecular characteristics of HA,NA and NS genes were showed in these viruses.The positive rate of nucleic acid of the H9 subtype of avian influenza virus from environment was the highest in poultry markets in Changsha,2014,and molecular characteristics of the HA,NA and NS of these H9N2 subtype AIV showed low pathogenicity,but that may facilitate human infection.So,the prevalence and genetic evolution of this virus should be closely monitored.

Soberanía alimentaria: más allá del discurso político / Food sovereignty: beyond political discourse

La Soberanía Alimentaria se plantea como una alternativa estructural y política sobre el modelo agroindustrial actual, ampliando los contenido del discurso y el alcance de su término predecesor de Seguridad Alimentaria a dimensiones que sobrepasan los ámbitos oficiales de gobiernos y ONGs. Los epitesmos de esta propuesta buscan una oferta más honesta de alimentos para con la salud y la cultura alimentaria del consumidor, rescatando el comercio justo para estimular al campesino a permanecer en los espacios rurales y comprometerlo a ser garante de prácticas agronómicas de menor impacto ambiental. Llevar a la práctica estas políticas de Soberanía Alimentaria suponen un gran reto, que es posible solo si consumidores y productores, reconociéndose como los verdaderos protagonistas de la cadena agroalimentaria, se organizan en la búsqueda de identificar e integrar sus objetivos y acciones para impulsar cambios, desde abajo, en la formas actuales de producción y distribución de los alimentos(AU)

Food Sovereignty is proposed as a structural and political alternative to the current agroindustrial model, expanding the content of the discourse and the scope of its predecessor term of Food Security to dimensions that surpass the official spheres of governments and NGOs. The epithets of this proposal seek a more honest supply of food for the health and food culture of the consumer, rescuing the fair trade to encourage the peasant to stay in rural areas and commit to be a guarantor of agronomic practices with less environmental impact. Implementing these Food Sovereignty policies is a major challenge, which is possible only if consumers and producers, recognizing themselves as the true protagonists of the agri-food chain, are organized in the search to identify and integrate their objectives and actions to drive changes, From below, in the current forms of production and distribution of food(AU)

"Some Results of the Marketing Research for “Enap” Medicine that’s / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Background: Today over 1 million people have hypertension in the world. 1.5 billion people have symptoms of the diseases living difficulty. The hyperpiesis is 64% brain hemorrhage causes, and 49% of heart attack diseases. Blood pressure or hyperpiesis is the leading cause of adult diseases in Mongolia. With hypertension diagnoses, 19811 people hospitalized in patient treatment and 46022 people have received outpatient care through Mongolia. The most present of Mongolians regularly use medicines for reducing arterial pressure. In this research, we chosen the Enap medicine that is used common; 5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg Enap are used at imported and domestic industry in the pharmaceutical market, Mongolia. Aim: To research some indicators of Enap pharmaceutical market which is used common in the treatment by Mongolians. Method: Based on the statistics from Mongolian Customs, when we research about the Enap market, we used the drug economic analysis methods including comparative research methods and content analysis research methods, respectively. Results: Our result shows that the 66.7% of all Enap in Mongolian pharmaceutical market is imported, and other 33.3% medicine is produced in domestic manufacturers, Mongolia. In Mongolia, 8 companies imports the Enap medicines from the biggest farms like KRKA, Denk Pharma, Berlin Chemie and Akrihin-akri. In the comparison research for Enap sales, there are 8 importer companies, the Х1 company sells the most, and it’s 22.4 times much than the lowest sales. In the research for Enap /10mg/average prices, the imported products cost 324 MNT but the domestic products cost 1525 MNT.